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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

JAMES J. DAVIS. Secietary

BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION

TO THE SECRETARY OF LABOR

«

FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30

1922

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1922

OJp

te»BKNTENDENT OF D0CUMES3tS,

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TO

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

JAMES J. DAVIS. Secretary

BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION

TO THE SECRETARY OF LABOR

^

FISCAL y"E:ar

ENDED JUNE 30

1924

WASHINGTON ^ GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1924

ilFT OF

S^FBRINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS.

^3.)

^^'f

ADDITIONAL COPIES

OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM

THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON, D. C.

AT

20 CENTS PER COPY

CONTENTS

Page

Report of the Commissioner General of Immigration 1

Admission under quotas 6

Races or peoples 8

English-speaking immigrants 10

Rejection at port of arrival 10

Deportation after landing 12

Smuggling and illegal entry 13

Canadian border 13

Mexican border 16

Deserting seamen 21

Immigration border patrol 23

Immigration act of 1924 24

Financial statement 30

TEXT TABLES

Text Table I. — Immigrant aliens admitted from certain countries and

areas in specified fiscal j'ears 4

Text Table II. — Immigration quota allotted to specified countries or regions of birth and the number of aliens admitted and charged against such quota allotments, fiscal years ended June 30, 1922, 1923, and 1924_. 6

Text Table III. — Immigration quotas allotted to specified areas, and the number of aliens admitted and charged against such quota allotments, fiscal years ended June 30. 1922, 1923, and 1924 7

Text Table IV. — Immigrant aliens admitted to the United States during

the fiscal years ended June 30, 1914, 1921, and 1924, by races or peoples.- 8

Text Table V. — Immigrant aliens admitted by principal races or peoples

in fiscal years specified 9

Text Table VI. — Immigrant aliens of the English and non-English speak- ing races admitted during fiscal years specified 10

Text Table VII. — Number and per cent of aliens rejected at specified places

during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1924 11

APPENDIX.— GENERAL IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION (Tables I to XXIV-A)

Table I. — Aliens admitted, departed, debarred, and deported, and United States citizens arrived and departed, fiscal years ended June 30, 1923 and 1924, by ports 34

Table II. — Net increase or decrease of population by arrival and departure

of aliens, fiscal years ended June 30, 1923 and 1924, by months 35

Table III. — Net increase or decrease of population by arrival and depar- ture of aliens, fiscal years ended June 30, 1923 and 1924, by countries-- 36

Table IV. — Net increase or decrease of population, by admission and

departure of aliens, fiscal year ended Jime 30, 1924, by races or peoples.- 38

Table V. — Intended future permanent residence of aliens admitted and last permanent residence of aliens departed, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, by States and Territories 39

Table VI. — Occupations of aliens admitted and departed, fiscal vear

ended June 30, 1924 !-__ 40

Table VII. — -Sex, age, literacj^ financial condition, etc., of immigrant

aliens admitted, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, by races or peoples.- 42

Table VII-A. — Sex, age, and length of residence in the United States of emigrant aliens departed, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, by races or peoples . 45

Table VII-B. — Conjugal condition of immigrant aliens admitted, fiscal year

ended June 30, 1924, by races or peoples 46

Table VII-C. — Conjugal condition of emigrant aliens departed, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, by races or peoples 48

III

IV CONTENTS

P&ge Table VII-D.^Sex, age, and length of residence in the United States of naturalized citizens permanently departed, fiscal year ended June 30,

1924, by races or peoples 50

Table VII-E. — Sex, age, and length of residence in the United States of native-born citizens permanently departed, fiscal year ended June 30,

1924, by races or peoples '_ 51

Table VIII. — Immigrant aliens admitted, fiscal year ended Jime 30, 1924,

by countries of last permanent residence and races or peoples 52

Table VIII-A.^ — Emigrant aliens departed, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, by coimtrics of intended future permanent residence and races or

peoples 56

Table VIII-B. — Naturalized citizens permanently departed, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, bj' countries of intended future permanent resi- dence and races or peoples 60

Table \TII-C. — Native-born citizens permanently departed, fiscal year ended June 30. 1924, by countries of intended future permanent resi- dence and races or peoples 64

Table IX. — Immigrant aliens admitted, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924,

by States of intended future permanent residence and races or peoples. 65

Table IX-A. — Emigrant aliens departed, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924,

by States of last permanent residence and races or i^eoples 68

Table IX-B. — Naturalized citizens permanently departed, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, b}' States of last permanent residence and races or

peoples 71

Table IX-C. — Native-born citizens permanently departed, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, by States of last permanent residence and races or

peoples 74

Table X.^ — lumiigrant aliens admitted, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, by

occupations and races or peoples 75

Table X-A. — Emigrant aliens departed, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924,

or by occupations and races or peoples 80

Table X-B. — Naturalized citizens permanently departed, fiscal year

ended June 30, 1924, by occupations and races or peoples 86

Table X-C. — Native-born citizens permanently departed, fiscal j'ear

ended June 30, 1924, by occupations and races or peoples 90

Table XI. — Immigrant aliens admitted, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924,

by States of intended future permanent residence and occupations 92

Table XI-A. — Emigrant aliens departed, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924,

by States of last permanent residence and occupations 98

Table XI-B. — Immigrant aliens admitted during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, by States of intended future permanent residence and

ports of entry 104

Table XII. — Immigrant aliens admitted during specified periods, January

1, 1923, to June 30, 1924. by races or peoples and sex 108

Table XII- A. — Emigrant ahens departed during specified periods, January

1, 1923, to June 30, 1924, by races or peoples and sex 109

Table XIII. — Sex, age, literacy, financial condition, etc., of nonimmigrant

aliens admitted, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, by races or peoples — 110 Table XIII-A. — Sex, age, and length of residence in United States of non- immigrant aliens departed, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, by races or

peoples 112

Table XIV. — Immigrant aliens admitted, fiscal j'ears ended June 30, 1899

to 1924, by races or peoples 113

Table XIV-A. — Immigrant aliens admitted, fiscal vears ended Jiuie 30,

1899 to 1924, by countries ". 115

Table XIV-B. — Emigrant aliens departed, fiscal vears ended June 30,

1908 to 1924, by races or peoples 118

Table XIV-C. — Emigrant aliens departed, fiscal vears ended June 30,

1908 to 1924, bv countries .' 1

Table XV.— Total immigration, 1820 to 1924 V.

Table XV-A. — Net increase of population by arrival and departure of

aliens, fiscal years ended June 30, 1908 to 1924 1!

Table XVI. — Aliens debarred from entering the United States, fiscal year

ended June 30, 1924, by races or peoples and causes 124

Table XVI-A. — Aliens debarred and aliens deported after entering, 1892

to 1924, bv causes , - — i-'-- 128

CONTENTS V

Page

Table XVI-B. — Permanent residents of contiguous foreign territory applying for temporary sojourn in the United States refused admission, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, by causes 130

Table XVII. — Aliens deported to countries whence they came, after entering the Ihiited States, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, bj- races or peoples and causes 131

Table XVIII. — Appeals from decisions under immigration law, applica- tions for admission on bond without appeal, applications for hospital treatment, and applications for transit, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, by causes 136

Table XVIII-A. — Appeals from decisions under immigration law, appli- cations for admission on bond Avithout appeal, applications for hospital treatment, and applications for transit, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, by ports 137

Table XIX. — Deserting alien seamen, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924,

by ports 138

Table XX. — Alien stowaways found on board vessels arriving at ports

of the United States, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, by ports 13S

Table XXI. — Comparison between alien arrivals and head-tax settle- ments, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924 138

Table XXII. — Aliens admitted to cojitinental United States from insular United States, during the fiscal years ended June 30, 1908 to 1924, inclusive, by ports 139

Table XXII-A. — Immigrant aliens admitted to continental United States from insular United States and to insular United States froui other insulars and from mainland (continental I'nited States), by ports, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924 139

Table XXII-B. — Nonimmigrant aliens admitted to continental I'nited States from insular United States and to insular United States from other insulars and from mainland (continental United States), by ports, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924 139

Table XXIII. — Aliens certified by surgeons as physically or mentally defective, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, showing sex, age, class of defect, and disposition, by diseases or defects 140

Table XXIII-A. — Aliens certified by surgeons as physically or mentally defective, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, showing races or peoples, by diseases or defects 142

Table XXIII-B. — Aliens certified by surgeons as physically or mentally defective, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, showing organ or portion of body affected, by diseases or defects 144

Table XXIV. — Aliens granted hospital treatment under sections 18 and

22 of the immigration law, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, by races 146

Table XXIV-A. — Aliens granted hospital treatment under sections 18 and

22 of the immigration law, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, by ports 147

JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION (Tables A to F)

Table A. — Japanese aliens apphed for admission, admitted, debarred,

deported, and departed, fiscal years ended June 30, 1923 and 1924 148

Table B. — Increase or decrease of Japanese population by alien admis- sions and departures, fiscal years ended June 30, 1923 and 1924, by months 148

Table C. — Occupations of Japanese aliens admitted and departed, fiscal

year ended June 30, 1924 149

Table D. — Statistics of immigration and emigration of Japanese,, col- lected b}' the United States Government, compared with those reported by the Japanese Government, fiscal jear ended June 30, 1924 149

Table E. — Japanese alien arrivals in continental United States, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, showing various details bearing on the Japanese agreement 150

Table F. — Japanese alien arrivals in Hawaii, fiscal year ended June 30,

1924, showing various details bearing on the Japanese agreement 152

VI CONTEXTS

CHINESE IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION (Tables 1 to 6)

Page

Table 1. — Chinese seeking admission to the United States, fiscal year

ended June 30, 1924, hy classes and ports .„' 154

Table 2. — Summary of Chinese seeking admission to the United States,

fiscal years ended June 30, 1919 to 1924, by classes 156

Table 3. — Chinese claiming American citizenship by birth, or to be the wives or children of American citizens, admitted, fiscal vear ended June 30, 1924, by ports I 157

Table 4. — Appeals to department from excluding decisions under Chinese- exclusion laws, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, by ports 157

Table 5. — Disposition of cases of resident Chinese applying for return

certificates, fiscal year ended June 30, 1924 _ 157

Table G. — Miscellaneous Chinese transactions, fiscal year ended Jime 30,

1924, by ports 158

REPORT

OF THE

COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION

Department of Labor, Bureau of Immigration,

Washington^ June 30, 192^,

Sir: During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1924, a total of 706,89 6 immigrant aliens were admitted to the United States, compared with 522,919 in the preceding fiscal year and 309,556 in the year ending June 30, 1922, this being the three-year period during which the so-called quota limit act of May 19, 1921, was in force. In addition to the 706,896 immigrant aliens who entered during the year just ended, 172,406 nonimmigrant ahens were also admitted, making a total of 879,302 for both classes. As a partial offset to this number, 76.789 emigrant aliens and 139,956 nonemigrant aliens departed from the country during the year, the increase in our alien population, as shown by the excess of arrivals over departures, being 662,557.

In order that these figures may be more clearly understood, it should be explained that for statistical purposes an " immigrant alien' ' is an alien whose permanent residence has been outside the United States who comes to take up a permanent residence here, while the term "nonimmigrant alien" is used to designate aliens returning from a temporary visit abroad and those who enter the United States for a temporary stay only.

On the other hand, an '' emigrant alien" is an alien resident of the United States who leaves the country for permanent residence abroad, while a "nonemigrant alien" is a resident alien who goes abroad for a temporary stay or one who leaves the country after a temporary sojourn here. The difference between the number arriving and the number departing, as already explained, is regarded as a measure of the annual increase or decrease of the alien population so far as immigration and emigration are concerned.

Official statistical records of aliens leaving the United States, otherwise the two emigrant classes above described, are available only since the fiscal year 1908, but it is an interesting fact that in the meantime the outgoing tide was nearly one-half as great as the number admitted. Of course, the smaU immigration and the rela- tively large emigration during the war years made the record for the period under consideration somewhat abnormal in this respect, but it is a well-established fact that for a long time prior to the war from 30 to 35 aliens ordinarily left the country for every 100 admitted.

In the bureau's last annual report it was pointed out that under the quota act immigration was seemingly becoming more and more

2 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION

permanent in character, and one of the outstanding things shown by the statistical record of the past year is that while the number of immigrant and nonimmigrant aliens entering the country was more than 200,000 greater than in the fiscal year immediately preceding it, the increase of emigrant and nonemigrant aliens departing was only 16,159.

The record of this inward and outward movement of aliens from 1908 to the present time is shown in Table XV-A, page 123. A study of this table, condensed as it is, discloses several significant facts concerning the trend of immigration and emigration during the past 17 years, notably the unusual outward movement following the industrial depression of 1907-8; the relatively large emigration during the early years of the World War, which, it is known, in- cluded many who went to join the colors of their respective coun- tries; the sudden increase in both immigration and emigration following the armistice; the sharp decline of immigration in 1922 resulting from the quota limit law, and, finally, the revival of im- migration and the remarkable decline in emigration during the past two years, also under the quota act. In the latter connection it is interesting to note that while the number of aliens of both classes admitted in the year just ended was exceeded in 8 of the 17 years considered, the permanent addition to the alien population was numerically larger in 1923-24 than in any other year except 1910, 1913, and 1914. This, to all appearances, is substantial evi- dence of a greatly increased stability or permanence in immigration under the quasi restrictive policy represented by the quota limit law, although, of course, it can not be said that the law is the only cause that contributed to that end.

Disregarding the nonimmigrant and nonemigrant classes and con- sidering immigrant and emigrant aliens only, which, as already explained, means those coming for permanent residence here or departing for permanent residence abroad, the record disclosed by the table referred to is even more interesting and significant. This is especially true with reference to the record of the last five years of the period which follows :

Year Immigrant Emigrant

aliens aliens

1920 480,001 288,315

1921 805.228 247,718

1922 309, 556 198, 712

1923 522,919 81,450

1924 706,896 76,789

During the World War, and especially aftei- the United States entered the conflict, the number of aliens who came here for per- manent residence was only a fraction of the great influx which had come in times of peace. In the year ended June 30, 1914, a total of 1,218,480 immigrant aliens were admitted. The war began in August, 1914, and in the year ended June 30, 1915, the number admitted was only 326,700 and more than 60,000 of these came in the month of July, 1914. In September of that year only 29,143 immigrants entered the country compared with 136,247 in the previous September. In the entire fiscal year ended June 30, 1918, only 110,618 came and in the following year only 141,132. The various countries of Europe which had contributed 1,055,855

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION 3

immigrant aliens in 1912-13 and 1,058,391 in 1913-14, sent only 197,919 in 1914-15, 145,699 in 1915-16, and 133,083 in 1916-17. After the United States entered the war immigration from Europe almost ceased, only 55,690 being admitted from that source in the two years ended June 30, 1919.

Following the treaty of peace, however, immigration quickly revived. In the fiscal year 1920 a total of 430,001 immigrant aliens were admitted and in the following year the number reached 805,228. Then came the per centum limit act of May 19, 1921, and in the following year (the fiscal year ended June 30, 1922) the number of admissions dropped to 309,556. It was evident that the result was due to the quota law, but that result was not to be a permanent one so far as numbers were concerned for in the year ended June 30, 1923, our immigration increased to 522,919, and, in the fiscal year just ended, to 706,896.

The great, perhaps almost startling, increase in immigration during the past two years might very naturally suggest a substantial break- ing down of the per centum limit law. but such is not the fact. What happened was almost entirely due to three important factors that might have been discerned at the time the law was enacted.

1. The quota limit provision was applicable only to Europe, Africa, Australasia, and that part of Asia commonly known as the Near East. It did not seek to limit immigration from Canada, Mexico, and other parts of the New World.

2. The quotas allotted to the British Isles, Germany, and other countries oi northwestern Europe were greater, and in some instances very much greater, than the normal immigration from those coun- tries. In other words, reckoning on the basis of immigration during the quarter of a century preceding the act, the quota law put a severe restriction on the hitherto great movements from countries of south and east Europe and the Near East, but left the way open for substantial increases from north and west Europe.

3. The quota limit law, like all preceding immigration legislation, contained a good many exceptions imder which applicants could be admitted in excess of allotted quotas, and during the past fiscal year such admissions were also considerably increased by reason of court decisions which, until reversed by the Supreme Court late in the year, materially liberalized the terms of the law.

The story of immigration under the quota limit act and the appar- ent effect of the three factors, or more especially the first two factors above referred to, is perhaps best told in the next table, which shows the number of immigrant aliens admitted from various countries and areas in the fiscal yeai-s 1914, 1921, 1922, 1923, and 1924. The year 1914 was selected because it was a fairly normal year, in fact the last year during which immigration was uninfluenced by war condi- tions or unhampered by restrictive legislation, and therefore fairly representative of the regime that existed for a generation or more previous to the war.

14155— 24t 2

4 REPOET OF THE COMMLSSIOXER GENERAL OF TMMIGKATIOX

The record of the fiscal year 1921, which is sho'vMi in the second column of the tahle, is illustrative of the revival of immigration from Europe following the war, and the three years 1922-1924 show the trend of the movement during the life of the first per centum limit law. The table referred to follows :

Text Table I. — -Immigrant aliens admitted from certain countries and areas in

specified fiscal years

Countries	1914	1921	1922	1923	1924
England, Scotland, and Wales .	48,729 35, 734 24, 688 29, 391 25, 591	51,142 6,803 28,435 22,854 29, 317	25,153 17, 931 10, 579 14, 625 11, 149	45, 759 48, 277 15, 740 34, 184 12, 469	59,490
Germany	75,091
Ireland _ .--	17,111
	35, 577
Other northern and western Europe _.	16, 077
Total	164, 133	138, 551	79,437	156,429	203,346
Austria	134, 831 143, 321 35, 832 283, 738 255, 660 40, 876 21,716	4,947 7,702 28,502 222, 260 6,398 244,004 11,735	5,019 5,756 3,457 40,319 17, 143 65,254 1,998	8,103 5.914 3,333 46, 674 17,507 69, 960 2.183	7,506
Hungary -	5,806
Greece .	4,871
Italy	56, 246
Russia . -.	12,649
Other southern and eastern Europe Turkey in .\sia	73,916 2,820
Total	915, 974	525, 548	138, 946	153, 674	163, 813
British North America	86, 139 14, 614 37, 620	72, 317 30, 758 38,054	46,810 19, 551 24,812	117.011 63, 768 32, 037	200,690
Mexico . - .	89, 336
	49,711
Grand total	1, 218, 480	805, 228	309, 556	522, 919	706,896

With the exception of the rapid increase in immigration from Germany between 1921 and 1924, the record of the first group of countries presents no very unusual features. The number admitted from Germany in 1914 is not far from the annual average for 15 or 20 years prior to the war, but the fact that more than twice as many came in 1924 suggests the probability that except for quota limita- tions a revival of the large German immigration of earlier years might be expected. The number coming from Ireland is now con- siderably below pre-war figures and, imlike the countries of Great Britain and Scandinavia, it has not increased greatly since 1921. Although not shown separately in the table, it is of interest to note that in the year 1924 Scotland contributed 33,471 immigrants, or more than one-half of all who came from the four British countries. In this connection it may be stated that prior to the war immigration from Scotland averaged about 14,000 annually.

The figures in the second and third groups in the table are clearly indicative of the radical effect brought about by the policy of restric- tion which began with the enactment of the quota limit law in May, 1921. The record of immigration in 1914 from the countries of south and east Europe and the Near East, although a little hio;her than the pre-war normal, are nevertheless fairly representative oi that period. By 1921, as the table shows, there had been a remarkably quick revival, which followed an almost complete cessation of the move- ment from these sources during the war years, and, as pointed out in previous annual reports, this revival gave every promise of an unprecedented deluge of immigration when peace was fully estab- lished and transportation facilities restored. It will be noted that

REPORT OF TPIE GOMMISSIOXER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION 5

in 1921 the contribution of Italy, Greece, and Turkey began to approximate pre-war figures, and while Austria, Hungary, and Russia, fonnerly prolific sources of immigration, sent comparatively few in that year, a large part of the 244,004 recorded as coming from other south and east Em*ope came from territory once belonging to those three countries. Then came the limitations imposed by the quota act and during the three years it was in force the total num- ber admitted from south and east Europe and Turkey was consider- ably below the partially revived immigration from the same sources in 1921, and less than one-half as great as the number who came in the single year 1914.

In the case of both of the European groups under consideration the extent of possible immigration was limited by the quota act, and what the influx might have been except for that restraint can only be conjectured. It is safe to say, however, that during the past two years, at least, it would have far exceeded that of any like pe- riod in our immigration history. It is hardly necessary to call attention to the large increases in immigration from Canada and Mexico. Natives of these countries, and persons born in other countries who had resided there for five years, were not subject to quota limitations, and their people simply came in unprecedented numbers to take advatage of opportunities which were closed* or largely closed to European immigrants.

Under the per centum limit act of 1921, 20 per cent of the quota of any country could be admitted in a single month, which of course meant that it was possible to exhaust the total annual allotment of a country in the first five months of the fiscal year. It was further provided that certain classes of aliens, notably members of the various professions and domestic servants, who were counted against quotas, could be admitted without numerical limit when such quotas became exhausted. In the year just ended nearly all of the quotas, large and small, were filled before January 1, with the result that during the remaining six months of the fiscal year considerable numbers were admitted under the exception referred to.

The number admitted in excess of quotas was also added to by reason of court decisions, notably in the so-called Gottlieb case wherein United States Circuit Judge Mack ruled that the liberal exceptions found in the so-called ''Asiatic barred zone" of the im- migration act of 1917 were also applicable in the per centum limit law which was enacted four years thereafter. Other Federal courts at New York and also at Boston not only followed the Gottlieb decision but even sought to enlarge the classes to which it applied. Under the circumstances the immigration service could not do otherwise than to admit applicants who came within the scope of these decisions until the Supreme Court of the United States, on May 26, 1924, declared that both the District Court and Circuit Court of Appeals were in error, and that exemptions covering a specific class of aliens mentioned in the act of 1917 could not be made to apply in the case of aliens who had been excluded under a sub- sequent law. Upward of 20.000 aliens were admitted under the court decisions referred to, and in order to avoid their possible depor- tation, as a result of the Supreme Court decision, Congress provided that their residence in the United States might be legalized.

EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENEBAX. OF IMMIGRATION

The primary purpose of the foregoing discussion is to explain why immigration in the past year reached the large total of 706,896 ; a number almost twice as great as the aggregate quotas (357,803) allotted under the per centum limit act of 1921. Briefly stated, the increase of 183,977 admissions in the fiscal year 1924 over the preced- ing year was largely due to increased immigration from Canada, Mexico, and other nonquota countries; to admissions under excep- tions after quotas became exhausted, which in the case of most countries occurred during the first six months of the fiscal year; to the fact that 22,162 more aliens were admitted and charged to quotas than in the previous year; and, finally, to admissions under the court decisions above referred to, which admissions were subse- quently legalized by the Congress.

ADMISSIONS UNDER aUOTAS

With three exceptions the quotas of all countries and places included in the quota area were entirely exhausted during the fiscal year under consideration, the three referred to, with the balance remaining in their respective quotas on June 30, being Esthonia, 124; Free State of Fiume, 5; and Iceland, 32. The complete record of quota trans- actions during the three fiscal years 1922-24, and, incidentally, the ^omplete and final record under the quota limit act of 1921, is shown J n the following table :

Text Table II. — Iminigralion quotas allotted to specified countries or rcgioiis of birth, and the number of aliens admitted and charged against such quota allotments, fiscal years ended June 30, 1922, 1923, and 1924

	Year ended June 30, 1924	Year ended June 30, 1923	Year ended June 30, 1922
Country or region of birth	Quota	Number i.dmitted	Quota	Number admitted	Quota	Number admitted
Albania .	288 230 7,342 1,503 302 14, 357 301 5, 619 1,34S 3, 921 71 5, 729 67, 607 77, 342 .3,063 5, 747 75 42, 057 1, 540 2,629 92 3,607 12, 202 30. 977 2,465 7,419	288 230 7,342 1, 563 302 14, 357 301 5, 019 1,224 3,921 06 5, 729 67, 607 77, 342 3,003 ,5, 747 43 42, 057 1,540 2, 629 92 3,607 12,202 30, 977 2. 455 7.419	288 230 7,451 1, 563 302 14, 357 301 5, 019 1,348 3, 921 71 5, 729 67, 607 77, 342 3,294 5,638 75 42, 057 1,540 2, 460 92 3,607 12, 202 31, 146 2,465 7,419	288 230 7,3.58 1, 503 295 14, 357 203 5,226 241 3,921 07 5,034 49, 2.58 77, 342 3,294 5, 638 59 42, 057 1,513 2,460 92 3,607 12, 202 29, 730 2,405 7,419	288 1,589 7,451 1, ,563 302 14, 282 301 ,5.094	280
Armenia (Russian^...	1 1, 574
Austria. _. .. .	4,797
BelRium .	1,581
Bulgaria	301
Czechoslovakia	14, 248
Danzig, Free City of.	85
Denmark . ....	3,284
Esthonia	C^)
Finland...	3,921 71 5,729 08,059 77, 342 3,294 5, 638	3,038
Fiume, Free State of	18
France __	4,343
Germany	19,053
Great Britain, Ireland	42, 670
Cireecc- .	3,447
Hungary (including Sopron District) Iceland	6,035 (')
Italv-	42,057	42,149
Latvia	m
Lithuania (including Memel and part of Pins k region) .		(*)
Luxemburg...	92" 3,607 12, 202 25, 827 2,520 7,419	93
Netherlands .. . .....	2,408
	5,941
Poland (including Eastern Galicia and part of Pinsk region)	26, 129
Portugal (including Azores and Madeira Islands). .	2,486
Rumania	7,429

' Turkish and Russian .Armenia for the year 1922.

'' Esthonia, Latvia, and Lithuania included with Russia for the year 1922.

' Iceland included with other Europea for the year 1922.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION 7

Text Table II. — Immigration quotas allotted to specified couidriet> or regions of birth, and the number of aliens admitted and charged against such quota allotmcrUs, fiscal years ended June 30, 1922, 1923, and /5^4— Continued

Country or region of birth

Year ended June 30, 1924

Quota

Number admitted

24, 405 912

20,042 3,752 6,426

57

2,654

24, 405 912

20, 042 3,752 6,426

2,388

Russia, European and Asiatic (excluding

barred zone) 24, 405

Spain (including Canary Islands) 912

Sweden ! 20,042

Switzerland 3, 752

Yugoslavia.. _ 6,426

Other Europe (including Andorra, Gibral- i

tar, Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, and

San Marino) 86

Palestine.- I 57

Syria i 882

Turkey (European and Asiatic, including '

Smyrna region, and Turkish-Armenian i

region) ] 2, 654

Other Asia (including Cyprus, Hedjaz,

Iraq (Mesopotamia), Persia, Rhodes,

and any other .\siatic territory not in- |

eluded in the barred zone; persons born i

in Asiatic Russia are included in the i

Russia quota) I 92

Africa (other than Egypt) 104

Egypt 18

Atlantic Islands (other than Azores,

Canary Islands, Madeira, and islands ,

adjacent to the American continents) ' 121

Australia _ . 279

New Zealand and Pacific islands 80

Total.- ; 357,803 357,642 357,803

92 104

18

121 279 80

Year ended June 30, 1923

Year ended June 30, 1922

niintu ' Number i <^"°^'» i admitted

Quota ! >>"umber ^^°^^ admitted

24, 405 912

19, 867 3, 752 6,426

86

57

928

2,388

34,284 912

20,042 o, 752 6,426

86

56

908

28, 908

8as

8, 766 3, 723 6,644

144

214

1,008

1,096

81 122

118 279 80

335, 480

81 122

65 279 80

356, 995

528

195

279

88

243,963

The next table shows the same information classified by specified groups of countries.

Text T.\ble III. — Immigration quotas allotted to specified areas and tlte number of aliens admitted and charged against such quota allotments, fiscal years ended June SO, 1922, 1923, and 1924

,	1924 1 1923 1922 !
Areas	Quota	Number | cnta admitted! ^""^^^	Number admitted	Quota	Number admitted
Northern and western Europe	197, 555 159, 646 602	197,555 197,555 159,485 j 159,646 602 602	177,943 156,938 599	198,082 168,367 546	91,862
Southern and eastern Europe, including Asiatic Turkey and other Asia. ...	151, 446
Africa, Australia, New Zealand and other Pacific islands, and Atlantic islands	645
Total	357,803	357,642	357, 803	335,480	356, 995	243, 953

As already noted, all but 3 of the quotas were entirely exhausted during the year just ended, compared, as will be observed, with 13 in the preceding year and 19 in the fiscal year 1922. It will be re- membered that under the quota act of 1921 monthly admissions were limited to 20 per cent of the annual quota allotment of each country, so that it was possible to exhaust the entire number within a period of five months. From the first, several of the quotas were exhausted at the earliest possible moment, usually a few minutes after midnight on November 1. Midnight ship racing into New

8 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION

York Harbor in order to cross the entrance line before quotas were exhausted became a monthly event, and much distress and many deportations usually followed. During the first two years several of the larger quotas came in a more leisurely manner, and, as the table shows, some were not exhausted even at the close of the year. In the year just ended, however, many of the quotas, including sev- eral of the larger ones, were entirely used up in November and others were exhausted in December, so that during the last six months of the year there was little quota immigration from Europe. Fortunately the new law, which went into effect July 1 and which is discussed elsewhere in this report, limits monthly quotas to 10, in- stead of 20 per cent of the annual allotments, thus insuring a better distribution of arrivals throughout the year.

RACES OR PEOPLES

Statistical records of immigration to the United States date from 1820, but previous to 1899 they show the number of arrivals only by country ot origin. The development of immigration in considerable

f)roportions from countries having a population of various racial or anguage groups led to the adoption of a plan under which arrivals were also classified according to races or peoples. Many years later this plan was also adopted for United States census purposes, the term "mother tongue" instead of "races or peoples" being used in census returns.

The table which follows shows the classification which has been used for immigration record purposes since 1899 and the numbers of each "race or people" admitted to the United States in the fiscal years 1914, 1921, and 1924.

Text Table IV. — Immigrant aliens admitted to the United States during the fiscal years ended June SO, 1914, 1921, and 1924, by races or peoples

Race or people

African (black)

Armenian

Bohemian and Moravian (Czech).

Bulgarian, Serbian, and Montenegrin

Chinese

Croatian and Slovenian

Cuban

Dalmatian, Bosnian, and Herzegovinian

Dutch and Flemish

East Indian

English

Finnish.

French

German

Greek

Hebrew

Irish

Italian (north)

I tal ian (south)

Japanese..

Korean

Lithuanian

Magyar

Mexican

Pacific Islander

Polish

Portuguese

Hunianian

Fiscal year

1923-24 1920-21

12,243

2,940

6,869

2,482

4,670

4,137

1,412

295

7,840

154

93, 939

3,975

48,632